Adopting a vegan diet means saying “no” to cruelty to animals and
environmental destruction and “yes” to compassion and good health. It also
means paying attention to the ingredients in your food, cosmetics, and other
products.
PETA’s list of animal ingredients and their alternatives helps consumers
avoid animal ingredients in food, cosmetics, and other products. Please note,
however, that it is not all-inclusive. There are thousands of technical and
patented names for ingredient variations. Furthermore, many ingredients known
by one name can be of animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin. If you have a
question regarding an ingredient in a product, call the manufacturer. Good
sources of additional information are A Consumer’s Dictionary of Cosmetic
Ingredients, A Consumer’s Dictionary of Food Additives, or an
unabridged dictionary. All of these are available at most libraries.
Adding to the confusion over whether or not an ingredient is of animal
origin is the fact that many companies have removed the word “animal” from
their ingredient labels to avoid putting off consumers. For example, rather
than use the term “hydrolyzed animal protein,” companies may use another term
such as “hydrolyzed collagen.” Simple for them, but frustrating for the caring
consumer.
Animal ingredients are used not because they are better than
vegetable-derived or synthetic ingredients, but because they are generally
cheaper. Today’s slaughterhouses must dispose of the byproducts of the
slaughter of billions of animals every year and have found an easy and
profitable solution in selling them to food and cosmetics manufacturers.
Animal ingredients come from every industry that uses animals: meat, fur,
wool, dairy, egg, and fishing, as well as industries such as horse racing and
rodeo, which send unwanted animals to slaughter. Contact PETA for our
factsheets or check out PETA.org to learn
more about the animals who suffer at the hands of these industries and what
you can do to help.
Rendering plants process the bodies of millions of tons of dead animals
every year, transforming decaying flesh and bones into profitable animal
ingredients. The primary source of rendered animals is slaughterhouses, which
provide the “inedible” parts of all animals killed for food. The bodies of
companion animals who are euthanized in animal shelters can wind up at
rendering plants, too.
Some animal ingredients do not wind up in the final product but are used in
the manufacturing process. For example, in the production of some refined
sugars, bone char is used to whiten the sugar; in some wines and beers,
isinglass (from the swim bladders of fish) is used as a “clearing” agent.
Kosher symbols and markings also add to the confusion and are not reliable
indicators on which vegans or vegetarians should base their purchasing
decisions. This issue is complex, but the “K” or “Kosher” symbols basically
mean that the food manufacturing process was overseen by a rabbi, who
theoretically ensures that it meets Hebrew dietary laws. The food also may not
contain both dairy products and meat, but it may contain one or the other. “P”
or “Parve” means that the product contains no meat or dairy products but may
contain fish or eggs. “D,” as in “Kosher D,” means that the product either
contains dairy or was made with dairy machinery. For example, a
chocolate-and-peanut candy may be marked “Kosher D” even if it doesn’t contain
dairy products because the nondairy chocolate was manufactured on machinery
that also made milk chocolate. For questions regarding other symbols, please
contact the Orthodox Union or other Jewish organizations or publications.
If you’re new to this, don’t be surprised if your friends and family are at
first put off by all the label-reading and ingredient-checking you’re doing at
restaurants and grocery stores. Explain your choices, but don’t run the risk
of alienating would-be vegans by being overly fussy with waiters or debating
someone over a small amount of one ingredient: It can make the decision to go
vegan seem like a chore. Relax a bit. It’s probably not feasible for most
people to completely eliminate all animal ingredients from their lives. Your
goal as a vegan is to avoid animal ingredients whenever possible. Our list
will give you a good working knowledge of the most common animal-derived
ingredients and their alternatives, allowing you to make decisions that will
save animals’ lives.
Adrenaline.
Hormone from adrenal glands of hogs, cattle, and sheep. In medicine.
Alternatives: synthetics.
Alanine.
(See Amino Acids.)
Albumen.
In eggs, milk, muscles, blood, and many vegetable tissues and fluids. In
cosmetics, albumen is usually derived from egg whites and used as a
coagulating agent. May cause allergic reaction. In cakes, cookies, candies,
etc. Egg whites sometimes used in "clearing" wines. Derivative: Albumin.
Albumin.
(See Albumen.)
Alcloxa.
(See Allantoin.)
Aldioxa.
(See Allantoin.)
Aliphatic Alcohol.
(See Lanolin and Vitamin A.)
Allantoin.
Uric acid from cows, most mammals. Also in many plants (especially comfrey).
In cosmetics (especially creams and lotions) and used in treatment of wounds
and ulcers. Derivatives: Alcloxa, Aldioxa. Alternatives: extract of comfrey
root, synthetics.
Alligator Skin.
(See Leather.)
Alpha-Hydroxy Acids.
Any one of several acids used as an exfoliant and in anti-wrinkle products.
Lactic acid may be animal-derived (see Lactic Acid). Alternatives: glycolic
acid, citric acid, and salicylic acid are plant- or fruit-derived.
Ambergris.
From whale intestines. Used as a fixative in making perfumes and as a
flavoring in foods and beverages. Alternatives: synthetic or vegetable
fixatives.
Amino Acids.
The building blocks of protein in all animals and plants. In cosmetics,
vitamins, supplements, shampoos, etc. Alternatives: synthetics, plant sources.
Aminosuccinate Acid.
(See Aspartic Acid.)
Angora.
Hair from the Angora rabbit or goat. Used in clothing. Alternatives: synthetic
fibers.
Animal Fats and Oils.
In foods, cosmetics, etc. Highly allergenic. Alternatives: olive oil, wheat
germ oil, coconut oil, flaxseed oil, almond oil, safflower oil, etc.
Animal Hair.
In some blankets, mattresses, brushes, furniture, etc. Alternatives: vegetable
and synthetic fibers.
Arachidonic Acid.
A liquid unsaturated fatty acid that is found in liver, brain, glands, and fat
of animals and humans. Generally isolated from animal liver. Used in companion
animal food for nutrition and in skin creams and lotions to soothe eczema and
rashes. Alternatives: synthetics, aloe vera, tea tree oil, calendula ointment.
Arachidyl Proprionate.
A wax that can be from animal fat. Alternatives: peanut or vegetable oil.
Aspartic Acid. Aminosuccinate Acid.
Can be animal or plant source (e.g., molasses). Sometimes synthesized for
commercial purposes.
Bee Pollen.
Microsporic grains in seed plants gathered by bees then collected from the
legs of bees. Causes allergic reactions in some people. In nutritional
supplements, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants. Alternatives: synthetics,
plant amino acids, pollen collected from plants.
Bee Products.
Produced by bees for their own use. Bees are selectively bred. Culled bees are
killed. A cheap sugar is substituted for their stolen honey. Millions die as a
result. Their legs are often torn off by pollen-collection trapdoors.
Beeswax. Honeycomb.
Wax obtained from melting honeycomb with boiling water, straining it, and
cooling it. From virgin bees. Very cheap and widely used but harmful to the
skin. In lipsticks and many other cosmetics (especially face creams, lotions,
mascara, eye creams and shadows, face makeups, nail whiteners, lip balms,
etc.). Derivatives: Cera Flava. Alternatives: paraffin, vegetable oils and
fats. Ceresin, aka ceresine, aka earth wax. (Made from the mineral ozokerite.
Replaces beeswax in cosmetics. Also used to wax paper, to make polishing
cloths, in dentistry for taking wax impressions, and in candle-making.) Also,
carnauba wax (from the Brazilian palm tree; used in many cosmetics, including
lipstick; rarely causes allergic reactions). Candelilla wax (from candelilla
plants; used in many cosmetics, including lipstick; also in the manufacture of
rubber and phonograph records, in waterproofing and writing inks; no known
toxicity). Japan wax (Vegetable wax. Japan tallow. Fat from the fruit of a
tree grown in Japan and China.).
Benzoic Acid.
In almost all vertebrates and in berries. Used as a preservative in
mouthwashes, deodorants, creams, aftershave lotions, etc. Alternatives:
cranberries, gum benzoin (tincture) from the aromatic balsamic resin from
trees grown in China, Sumatra, Thailand, and Cambodia.
Beta Carotene.
(See Carotene.)
Biotin. Vitamin H. Vitamin B Factor.
In every living cell and in larger amounts in milk and yeast. Used as a
texturizer in cosmetics, shampoos, and creams. Alternatives: plant sources.
Blood.
From any slaughtered animal. Used as adhesive in plywood, also found in
cheese-making, foam rubber, intravenous feedings, and medicines. Possibly in
foods such as lecithin. Alternatives: synthetics, plant sources.
Boar Bristles.
Hair from wild or captive hogs. In "natural" toothbrushes and bath and shaving
brushes. Alternatives: vegetable fibers, nylon, the peelu branch or peelu gum
(Asian, available in the U.S.; its juice replaces toothpaste).
Bone Char.
Animal bone ash. Used in bone china and often to make sugar white. Serves as
the charcoal used in aquarium filters. Alternatives: synthetic tribasic
calcium phosphate.
Bone Meal.
Crushed or ground animal bones. In some fertilizers. In some vitamins and
supplements as a source of calcium. In toothpastes. Alternatives: plant mulch,
vegetable compost, dolomite, clay, vegetarian vitamins.
Calciferol.
(See Vitamin D.)
Calfskin.
(See Leather.)
Caprylamine Oxide.
(See Caprylic Acid.)
Capryl Betaine.
(See Caprylic Acid.)
Caprylic Acid.
A liquid fatty acid from cow's or goat's milk. Also from palm and coconut oil,
other plant oils. In perfumes, soaps. Derivatives: Caprylic Triglyceride,
Caprylamine Oxide, Capryl Betaine. Alternatives: plant sources.
Caprylic Triglyceride.
(See Caprylic Acid.)
Carbamide.
(See Urea.)
Carmine. Cochineal. Carminic Acid.
Red pigment from the crushed female cochineal insect. Reportedly, 70,000
beetles must be killed to produce one pound of this red dye. Used in
cosmetics, shampoos, red apple sauce, and other foods (including red lollipops
and food coloring). May cause allergic reaction. Alternatives: beet juice
(used in powders, rouges, shampoos; no known toxicity); alkanet root (from the
root of this herb-like tree; used as a red dye for inks, wines, lip balms,
etc.; no known toxicity. Can also be combined to make a copper or blue
coloring). (See Colors.)
Carminic Acid.
(See Carmine.)
Carotene. Provitamin A. Beta Carotene.
A pigment found in many animal tissues and in all plants. Used as a coloring
in cosmetics and in the manufacture of vitamin A.
Casein. Caseinate. Sodium Caseinate.
Milk protein. In "non-dairy" creamers, soy cheese, many cosmetics, hair
preparations, beauty masks. Alternatives: soy protein, soy milk, and other
vegetable milks.
Caseinate.
(See Casein.)
Cashmere.
Wool from the Kashmir goat. Used in clothing. Alternatives: synthetic fibers.
Castor. Castoreum.
Creamy substance with strong odor from muskrat and beaver genitals. Used as a
fixative in perfume and incense. Alternatives: synthetics, plant castor oil.
Castoreum.
(See Castor.)
Catgut.
Tough string from the intestines of sheep, horses, etc. Used for surgical
sutures. Also for stringing tennis rackets and musical instruments, etc.
Alternatives: nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Cera Flava.
(See Beeswax.)
Cerebrosides.
Fatty acids and sugars found in the covering of nerves. May include tissue
from brain.
Cetyl Alcohol.
Wax found in spermaceti from sperm whales or dolphins. Alternatives: Vegetable
cetyl alcohol (e.g., coconut), synthetic spermaceti.
Cetyl Palmitate.
(See Spermaceti.)
Chitosan.
A fiber derived from crustacean shells. Used as a lipid binder in diet
products, in hair, oral and skin care products, antiperspirants, and
deodorants. Alternatives: raspberries, yams, legumes, dried apricots, and many
other fruits and vegetables.
Cholesterin.
(See Lanolin.)
Cholesterol.
A steroid alcohol in all animal fats and oils, nervous tissue, egg yolk, and
blood. Can be derived from lanolin. In cosmetics, eye creams, shampoos, etc.
Alternatives: solid complex alcohols (sterols) from plant sources.
Choline Bitartrate.
(See Lecithin.)
Civet.
Unctuous secretion painfully scraped from a gland very near the genital organs
of civet cats. Used as a fixative in perfumes. Alternatives: (See alternatives
to Musk.).
Cochineal.
(See Carmine.)
Cod Liver Oil.
(See Marine Oil.)
Collagen.
Fibrous protein in vertebrates. Usually derived from animal tissue. Can't
affect the skin's own collagen. An allergen. Alternatives: soy protein, almond
oil, amla oil (see alternative to Keratin), etc.
Colors. Dyes.
Pigments from animal, plant, and synthetic sources used to color foods,
cosmetics, and other products. Cochineal is from insects. Widely used FD&C and
D&C colors are coaltar (bituminous coal) derivatives that are continously
tested on animals due to their carcinogenic properties. Alternatives: grapes,
beets, turmeric, saffron, carrots, chlorophyll, annatto, alkanet.
Corticosteroid.
(See Cortisone.)
Cortisone. Corticosteroid.
Hormone from adrenal glands. Widely used in medicine. Alternatives:
synthetics.
Cysteine, L-Form.
An amino acid from hair which can come from animals. Used in hair-care
products and creams, in some bakery products, and in wound-healing
formulations. Alternatives: plant sources.
Cystine.
An amino acid found in urine and horsehair. Used as a nutritional supplement
and in emollients. Alternatives: plant sources.
Dexpanthenol.
(See Panthenol.)
Diglycerides.
(See Monoglycerides and Glycerin.)
Dimethyl Stearamine.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Down.
Goose or duck insulating feathers. From slaughtered or cruelly exploited
geese. Used as an insulator in quilts, parkas, sleeping bags, pillows, etc.
Alternatives: polyester and synthetic substitutes, kapok (silky fibers from
the seeds of some tropical trees) and milkweed seed pod fibers.
Duodenum Substances.
From the digestive tracts of cows and pigs. Added to some vitamin tablets. In
some medicines. Alternatives: vegetarian vitamins, synthetics.
Dyes.
(See Colors.)
Egg Protein.
In shampoos, skin preparations, etc. Alternatives: plant proteins.
Elastin.
Protein found in the neck ligaments and aortas of cows. Similar to collagen.
Can't affect the skin's own elasticity. Alternatives: synthetics, protein from
plant tissues.
Emu Oil.
From flightless ratite birds native to Australia and now factory farmed. Used
in cosmetics and creams. Alternatives: vegetable and plant oils.
Ergocalciferol.
(See Vitamin D.)
Ergosterol.
(See Vitamin D.)
Estradiol.
(See Estrogen.)
Estrogen. Estradiol.
Female hormones from pregnant mares? urine. Considered a drug. Can have
harmful systemic effects if used by children. Used for reproductive problems
and in birth control pills and Premarin, a menopausal drug. In creams,
perfumes, and lotions. Has a negligible effect in the creams as a skin
restorative; simple vegetable-source emollients are considered better.
Alternatives: oral contraceptives and menopausal drugs based on synthetic
steroids or phytoestrogens (from plants, especially palm-kernel oil).
Menopausal symptoms can also be treated with diet and herbs.
Fats.
(See Animal Fats.)
Fatty Acids.
Can be one or any mixture of liquid and solid acids such as caprylic, lauric,
myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Used in bubble baths, lipsticks, soap,
detergents, cosmetics, food. Alternatives: vegetable-derived acids, soy
lecithin, safflower oil, bitter almond oil, sunflower oil, etc.
FD&C Colors.
(See Colors.)
Feathers.
From exploited and slaughtered birds. Used whole as ornaments or ground up in
shampoos. (See Down and Keratin.)
Fish Liver Oil.
Used in vitamins and supplements. In milk fortified with vitamin D.
Alternatives: yeast extract ergosterol and exposure of skin to sunshine.
Fish Oil.
(See Marine Oil.) Fish oil can also be from marine mammals. Used in
soap-making.
Fish Scales.
Used in shimmery makeups. Alternatives: mica, rayon, synthetic pearl.
Fur.
Obtained from animals (usually mink, foxes, or rabbits) cruelly trapped in
steel-jaw leghold traps or raised in intensive confinement on fur "farms."
Alternatives: synthetics. (See Sable Brushes.)
Gel.
(See Gelatin.)
Gelatin. Gel.
Protein obtained by boiling skin, tendons, ligaments, and/or bones with water.
From cows and pigs. Used in shampoos, face masks, and other cosmetics. Used as
a thickener for fruit gelatins and puddings (e.g., "Jello"). In candies,
marshmallows, cakes, ice cream, yogurts. On photographic film and in vitamins
as a coating and as capsules. Sometimes used to assist in "clearing" wines.
Alternatives: carrageen (carrageenan, Irish moss), seaweeds (algin, agar-agar,
kelp—used in jellies, plastics, medicine), pectin from fruits, dextrins,
locust bean gum, cotton gum, silica gel. Marshmallows were originally made
from the root of the marsh mallow plant. Vegetarian capsules are now available
from several companies. Digital cameras don't use film.
Glucose Tyrosinase.
(See Tyrosine.)
Glycerides.
(See Glycerin.)
Glycerin. Glycerol.
A byproduct of soap manufacture (normally uses animal fat). In cosmetics,
foods, mouthwashes, chewing gum, toothpastes, soaps, ointments, medicines,
lubricants, transmission and brake fluid, and plastics. Derivatives:
Glycerides, Glyceryls, Glycreth-26, Polyglycerol. Alternatives: vegetable
glycerin—a byproduct of vegetable oil soap. Derivatives of seaweed, petroleum.
Glycerol.
(See Glycerin.)
Glyceryls.
(See Glycerin.)
Glycreth-26.
(See Glycerin.)
Guanine. Pearl Essence.
Obtained from scales of fish. Constituent of ribonucleic acid and
deoxyribonucleic acid and found in all animal and plant tissues. In shampoo,
nail polish, other cosmetics. Alternatives: leguminous plants, synthetic
pearl, or aluminum and bronze particles.
Hide Glue.
Same as gelatin but of a cruder impure form. Alternatives: dextrins and
synthetic petrochemical-based adhesives. (See Gelatin.)
Honey.
Food for bees, made by bees. Can cause allergic reactions. Used as a coloring
and an emollient in cosmetics and as a flavoring in foods. Should never be fed
to infants. Alternatives: in foods—maple syrup, date sugar, syrups made from
grains such as barley malt, turbinado sugar, molasses; in cosmetics—vegetable
colors and oils.
Honeycomb.
(See Beeswax.)
Horsehair.
(See Animal Hair.)
Hyaluronic Acid.
A protein found in umbilical cords and the fluids around the joints. Used in
cosmetics. Alternatives: plant oils.
Hydrocortisone.
(See Cortisone.)
Hydrolyzed Animal Protein.
In cosmetics, especially shampoo and hair treatments. Alternatives: soy
protein, other vegetable proteins, amla oil (see alternatives to Keratin).
Imidazolidinyl Urea.
(See Urea.)
Insulin.
From hog pancreas. Used by millions of diabetics daily. Alternatives:
synthetics, vegetarian diet and nutritional supplements, human insulin grown
in a lab.
Isinglass.
A form of gelatin prepared from the internal membranes of fish bladders.
Sometimes used in "clearing" wines and in foods. Alternatives: bentonite clay,
"Japanese isinglass," agar-agar (see alternatives to Gelatin), mica, a mineral
used in cosmetics.
Isopropyl Lanolate.
(See Lanolin.)
Isopropyl Myristate.
(See Myristic Acid.)
Isopropyl Palmitate.
Complex mixtures of isomers of stearic acid and palmitic acid. (See Stearic
Acid.)
Keratin.
Protein from the ground-up horns, hooves, feathers, quills, and hair of
various animals. In hair rinses, shampoos, permanent wave solutions.
Alternatives: almond oil, soy protein, amla oil (from the fruit of an Indian
tree), human hair from salons. Rosemary and nettle give body and strand
strength to hair.
Lactic Acid.
Found in blood and muscle tissue. Also in sour milk, beer, sauerkraut,
pickles, and other food products made by bacterial fermentation. Used in skin
fresheners, as a preservative, in the formation of plasticizers, etc.
Alternative: plant milk sugars, synthetics.
Lactose.
Milk sugar from milk of mammals. In eye lotions, foods, tablets, cosmetics,
baked goods, medicines. Alternatives: plant milk sugars.
Laneth.
(See Lanolin.)
Lanogene.
(See Lanolin.)
Lanolin. Lanolin Acids. Wool Fat. Wool Wax.
A product of the oil glands of sheep, extracted from their wool. Used as an
emollient in many skin care products and cosmetics and in medicines. An
allergen with no proven effectiveness. (See Wool for cruelty to sheep.)
Derivatives: Aliphatic Alcohols, Cholesterin, Isopropyl Lanolate, Laneth,
Lanogene, Lanolin Alcohols, Lanosterols, Sterols, Triterpene Alcohols.
Alternatives: plant and vegetable oils.
Lanolin Alcohol.
(See Lanolin.)
Lanosterols.
(See Lanolin.)
Lard.
Fat from hog abdomens. In shaving creams, soaps, cosmetics. In baked goods,
French fries, refried beans, and many other foods. Alternatives: pure
vegetable fats or oils.
Leather. Suede. Calfskin. Sheepskin. Alligator Skin. Other Types of
Skin.
Subsidizes the meat industry. Used to make wallets, handbags, furniture and
car upholstery, shoes, etc. Alternatives: cotton, canvas, nylon, vinyl,
ultrasuede, pleather, other synthetics.
Lecithin. Choline Bitartrate.
Waxy substance in nervous tissue of all living organisms. But frequently
obtained for commercial purposes from eggs and soybeans. Also from nerve
tissue, blood, milk, corn. Choline bitartrate, the basic constituent of
lecithin, is in many animal and plant tissues and prepared synthetically.
Lecithin can be in eye creams, lipsticks, liquid powders, hand creams,
lotions, soaps, shampoos, other cosmetics, and some medicines. Alternatives:
soybean lecithin, synthetics.
Linoleic Acid.
An essential fatty acid. Used in cosmetics, vitamins. Alternatives: (See
alternatives to Fatty Acids.)
Lipase.
Enzyme from the stomachs and tongue glands of calves, kids, and lambs. Used in
cheese-making and in digestive aids. Alternatives: vegetable enzymes, castor
beans.
Lipids.
(See Lipoids.)
Lipoids. Lipids.
Fat and fat-like substances that are found in animals and plants.
Alternatives: vegetable oils.
Marine Oil.
From fish or marine mammals (including porpoises). Used in soap-making. Used
as a shortening (especially in some margarines), as a lubricant, and in paint.
Alternatives: vegetable oils.
Methionine.
Essential amino acid found in various proteins (usually from egg albumen and
casein). Used as a texturizer and for freshness in potato chips. Alternatives:
synthetics.
Milk Protein.
Hydrolyzed milk protein. From the milk of cows. In cosmetics, shampoos,
moisturizers, conditioners, etc. Alternatives: soy protein, other plant
proteins.
Mink Oil.
From minks. In cosmetics, creams, etc. Alternatives: vegetable oils and
emollients such as avocado oil, almond oil, and jojoba oil.
Monoglycerides. Glycerides. (See Glycerin.)
From animal fat. In margarines, cake mixes, candies, foods, etc. In cosmetics.
Alternative: vegetable glycerides.
Musk (Oil).
Dried secretion painfully obtained from musk deer, beaver, muskrat, civet cat,
and otter genitals. Wild cats are kept captive in cages in horrible conditions
and are whipped around the genitals to produce the scent; beavers are trapped;
deer are shot. In perfumes and in food flavorings. Alternatives: labdanum oil
(which comes from various rockrose shrubs) and other plants with a musky
scent. Labdanum oil has no known
Myristal Ether Sulfate.
(See Myristic Acid.)
Myristic Acid.
Organic acid in most animal and vegetable fats. In butter acids. Used in
shampoos, creams, cosmetics. In food flavorings. Derivatives: Isopropyl
Myristate, Myristal Ether Sulfate, Myristyls, Oleyl Myristate. Alternatives:
nut butters, oil of lovage, coconut oil, extract from seed kernels of nutmeg,
etc.
Myristyls.
(See Myristic Acid.)
"Natural Sources."
Can mean animal or vegetable sources. Most often in the health food industry,
especially in the cosmetics area, it means animal sources, such as animal
elastin, glands, fat, protein, and oil. Alternatives: plant sources.
Nucleic Acids.
In the nucleus of all living cells. Used in cosmetics, shampoos, conditioners,
etc. Also in vitamins, supplements. Alternatives: plant sources.
Ocenol.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Octyl Dodecanol.
Mixture of solid waxy alcohols. Primarily from stearyl alcohol. (See Stearyl
Alcohol.)
Oleic Acid.
Obtained from various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Usually obtained
commercially from inedible tallow. (See Tallow.) In foods, soft soap, bar
soap, permanent wave solutions, creams, nail polish, lipsticks, many other
skin preparations. Derivatives: Oleyl Oleate, Oleyl Stearate. Alternatives:
coconut oil. (See alternatives to Animal Fats and Oils.)
Oils.
(See alternatives to Animal Fats and Oils.)
Oleths.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Oleyl Alcohol. Ocenol.
Found in fish oils. Used in the manufacture of detergents, as a plasticizer
for softening fabrics, and as a carrier for medications. Derivatives: Oleths,
Oleyl Arachidate, Oleyl Imidazoline.
Oleyl Arachidate.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Oleyl Imidazoline.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Oleyl Myristate.
(See Myristic Acid.)
Oleyl Oleate.
(See Oleic Acid.)
Oleyl Stearate.
(See Oleic Acid.)
Palmitamide.
(See Palmitic Acid.)
Palmitamine.
(See Palmitic Acid.)
Palmitate.
(See Palmitic Acid.)
Palmitic Acid.
From fats, oils (see Fatty Acids). Mixed with stearic acid. Found in many
animal fats and plant oils. In shampoos, shaving soaps, creams. Derivatives:
Palmitate, Palmitamine, Palmitamide. Alternatives: palm oil, vegetable
sources.
Panthenol. Dexpanthenol. Vitamin B-Complex Factor. Provitamin B-5.
Can come from animal or plant sources or synthetics. In shampoos, supplements,
emollients, etc. In foods. Derivative: Panthenyl. Alternatives: synthetics,
plants.
Panthenyl.
(See Panthenol.)
Pepsin.
In hogs' stomachs. A clotting agent. In some cheeses and vitamins. Same uses
and alternatives as Rennet.
Placenta. Placenta Polypeptides Protein. Afterbirth.
Contains waste matter eliminated by the fetus. Derived from the uterus of
slaughtered animals. Animal placenta is widely used in skin creams, shampoos,
masks, etc.Alternatives: kelp. (See alternatives to Animal Fats and Oils.)
Polyglycerol.
(See Glycerin.)
Polypeptides.
From animal protein. Used in cosmetics. Alternatives: plant proteins and
enzymes.
Polysorbates.
Derivatives of fatty acids. In cosmetics, foods.
Pristane.
Obtained from the liver oil of sharks and from whale ambergris. (See Squalene,
Ambergris.) Used as a lubricant and anti-corrosive agent. In cosmetics.
Alternatives: plant oils, synthetics.
Progesterone.
A steroid hormone used in anti-wrinkle face creams. Can have adverse systemic
effects. Alternatives: synthetics.
Propolis.
Tree sap gathered by bees and used as a sealant in beehives. In toothpaste,
shampoo, deodorant, supplements, etc. Alternatives: tree sap, synthetics.
Provitamin A.
(See Carotene.)
Provitamin B-5.
(See Panthenol.)
Provitamin D-2.
(See Vitamin D.)
Rennet. Rennin.
Enzyme from calves' stomachs. Used in cheese-making, rennet custard (junket),
and in many coagulated dairy products. Alternatives: microbial coagulating
agents, bacteria culture, lemon juice, or vegetable rennet.
Rennin.
(See Rennet.)
Resinous Glaze.
(See Shellac.)
Ribonucleic Acid.
(See RNA.)
RNA. Ribonucleic Acid.
RNA is in all living cells. Used in many protein shampoos and cosmetics.
Alternatives: plant cells.
Royal Jelly.
Secretion from the throat glands of the honeybee workers that is fed to the
larvae in a colony and to all queen larvae. No proven value in cosmetics
preparations. Alternatives: aloe vera, comfrey, other plant derivatives.
Sable Brushes.
From the fur of sables (weasel-like mammals). Used to make eye makeup,
lipstick, and artists' brushes. Alternatives: synthetic fibers.
Sea Turtle Oil.
(See Turtle Oil.)
Shark Liver Oil.
Used in lubricating creams and lotions. Derivatives: Squalane, Squalene.
Alternatives: vegetable oils.
Sheepskin.
(See Leather.)
Shellac. Resinous Glaze.
Resinous excretion of certain insects. Used as a candy glaze, in hair lacquer,
and on jewelry. Alternatives: plant waxes.
Silk. Silk Powder.
Silk is the shiny fiber made by silkworms to form their cocoons. Worms are
boiled in their cocoons to get the silk. Used in cloth. In silk-screening
(other fine cloth can be and is used instead). Taffeta can be made from silk
or nylon. Silk powder is obtained from the secretion of the silkworm. It is
used as a coloring agent in face powders, soaps, etc. Can cause severe
allergic skin reactions and systemic reactions (if inhaled or ingested).
Alternatives: milkweed seed-pod fibers, nylon, silk-cotton tree and ceiba tree
filaments (kapok), rayon, and synthetic silks.
Snails.
In some cosmetics (crushed).
Sodium Caseinate.
(See Casein.)
Sodium Steroyl Lactylate.
(See Lactic Acid.)
Sodium Tallowate.
(See Tallow.)
Spermaceti. Cetyl Palmitate. Sperm Oil.
Waxy oil derived from the sperm whale's head or from dolphins. In many
margarines. In skin creams, ointments, shampoos, candles, etc. Used in the
leather industry. May become rancid and cause irritations. Alternatives:
synthetic spermaceti, jojoba oil, and other vegetable emollients.
Sponge (Luna and Sea).
A plant-like animal. Lives in the sea. Becoming scarce. Alternatives:
synthetic sponges, loofahs (plants used as sponges).
Squalane.
(See Shark Liver Oil.)
Squalene.
Oil from shark livers, etc. In cosmetics, moisturizers, hair dyes,
surface-active agents. Alternatives: vegetable emollients such as olive oil,
wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, etc.
Stearamide.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearamine.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearamine Oxide.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearates.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearic Acid.
Fat from cows and sheep and from dogs and cats euthanized in animal shelters,
etc. Most often refers to a fatty substance taken from the stomachs of pigs.
Can be harsh, irritating. Used in cosmetics, soaps, lubricants, candles,
hairspray, conditioners, deodorants, creams, chewing gum, food flavoring.
Derivatives: Stearamide, Stearamine, Stearates, Stearic Hydrazide, Stearone,
Stearoxytrimethylsilane, Stearoyl Lactylic Acid, Stearyl Betaine, Stearyl
Imidazoline. Alternatives: Stearic acid can be found in many vegetable fats,
coconut.
Stearic Hydrazide.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearone.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearoxytrimethylsilane.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearoyl Lactylic Acid.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearyl Acetate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Alcohol. Sterols.
A mixture of solid alcohols. Can be prepared from sperm whale oil. In
medicines, creams, rinses, shampoos, etc. Derivatives: Stearamine Oxide,
Stearyl Acetate, Stearyl Caprylate, Stearyl Citrate, Stearyldimethyl Amine,
Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate, Stearyl Heptanoate, Stearyl Octanoate, Stearyl
Stearate. Alternatives: plant sources, vegetable stearic acid.
Stearyl Betaine.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearyl Caprylate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Citrate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyldimethyl Amine.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Heptanoate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Imidazoline.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearyl Octanoate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Stearate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Steroids. Sterols.
From various animal glands or from plant tissues. Steroids include sterols.
Sterols are alcohol from animals or plants (e.g., cholesterol). Used in
hormone preparation. In creams, lotions, hair conditioners, fragrances, etc.
Alternatives: plant tissues, synthetics.
Sterols.
(See Stearyl Alcohol and Steroids.)
Suede.
(See Leather.)
Tallow. Tallow Fatty Alcohol. Stearic Acid.
Rendered beef fat. May cause eczema and blackheads. In wax paper, crayons,
margarines, paints, rubber, lubricants, etc. In candles, soaps, lipsticks,
shaving creams, other cosmetics. Chemicals (e.g., PCB) can be in animal
tallow. Derivatives: Sodium Tallowate, Tallow Acid, Tallow Amide, Tallow
Amine, Talloweth-6, Tallow Glycerides, Tallow Imidazoline. Alternatives:
vegetable tallow, Japan tallow, paraffin and/or ceresin (see alternatives to
Beeswax for all three). Paraffin is usually from petroleum, wood, coal, or
shale oil.
Tallow Acid.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Amide.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Amine.
(See Tallow.)
Talloweth-6.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Glycerides.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Imidazoline.
(See Tallow.)
Triterpene Alcohols.
(See Lanolin.)
Turtle Oil. Sea Turtle Oil.
From the muscles and genitals of giant sea turtles. In soap, skin creams, nail
creams, other cosmetics. Alternatives: vegetable emollients (see alternatives
to Animal Fats and Oils).
Tyrosine.
Amino acid hydrolyzed from casein. Used in cosmetics and creams. Derivative:
Glucose Tyrosinase.
Urea. Carbamide.
Excreted from urine and other bodily fluids. In deodorants, ammoniated
dentifrices, mouthwashes, hair colorings, hand creams, lotions, shampoos, etc.
Used to "brown" baked goods, such as pretzels. Derivatives: Imidazolidinyl
Urea, Uric Acid. Alternatives: synthetics.
Uric Acid.
(See Urea.)
Vitamin A.
Can come from fish liver oil (e.g., shark liver oil), egg yolk, butter,
lemongrass, wheat germ oil, carotene in carrots, and synthetics. It is an
aliphatic alcohol. In cosmetics, creams, perfumes, hair dyes, etc. In
vitamins, supplements. Alternatives: carrots, other vegetables, synthetics.
Vitamin B-Complex Factor.
(See Panthenol.)
Vitamin B Factor.
(See Biotin.)
Vitamin B-12.
Usually animal source. Some vegetarian B-12 vitamins are in a stomach base.
Alternatives: some vegetarian B-12-fortified yeasts and analogs available.
Plant algae discovered containing B-12, now in supplement form (spirulina).Some
nutritionist caution that fortified foods or supplements are essential.
Vitamin D. Ergocalciferol. Vitamin D-2. Ergosterol. Provitamin D-2.
Calciferol. Vitamin D-3.
Vitamin D can come from fish liver oil, milk, egg yolk, etc. Vitamin D-2 can
come from animal fats or plant sterols. Vitamin D-3 is always from an animal
source. All the D vitamins can be in creams, lotions, other cosmetics, vitamin
tablets, etc. Alternatives: plant and mineral sources, synthetics, completely
vegetarian vitamins, exposure of skin to sunshine. Many other vitamins can
come from animal sources. Examples: choline, biotin, inositol, riboflavin,
etc.
Vitamin H.
(See Biotin.)
Wax.
Glossy, hard substance that is soft when hot. From animals and plants. In
lipsticks, depilatories, hair straighteners. Alternatives: vegetable waxes.
Whey.
A serum from milk. Usually in cakes, cookies, candies, and breads. In
cheese-making. Alternatives: soybean whey.
Wool.
From sheep. Used in clothing. Ram lambs and old "wool" sheep are slaughtered
for their meat. Sheep are transported without food or water, in extreme heat
and cold. Legs are broken, eyes injured, etc. Sheep are bred to be unnaturally
woolly, also unnaturally wrinkly, which causes them to get insect infestations
around the tail areas. The farmer's solution to this is the painful cutting
away of the flesh around the tail (called "mulesing"). "Inferior" sheep are
killed. When shearing the sheep, they are pinned down violently and sheared
roughly. Their skin is cut up. Every year, hundreds of thousands of shorn
sheep die from exposure to cold. Natural predators of sheep (wolves, coyotes,
eagles, etc.) are poisoned, trapped, and shot. In the U.S., overgrazing of
cattle and sheep is turning more than 150 million acres of land to desert.
"Natural" wool production uses enormous amounts of resources and energy (to
breed, raise, feed, shear, transport, slaughter, etc., the sheep).
Derivatives: Lanolin, Wool Wax, Wool Fat. Alternatives: cotton, cotton
flannel, synthetic fibers, ramie, etc.
Wool Fat.
(See Lanolin.)
Wool Wax.
(See Lanolin.)
REFERENCES
Buyukmihci, Nermin. "John Cardillo's List of Animal Products and Their
Alternatives."
Cosmetic Ingredients Glossary: A Basic Guide to Natural Body Care Products.
Petaluma, Clif.: Feather River Co., 1988.
Mason, Jim, and Peter Singer. Animal Factories. New York: Crown
Publishers, Inc., 1980.
Ruesch, Hans. Slaughter of the Innocent. New York: Civitas, 1983.
Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation. New York: Random House, 1990.
Sweethardt Herb Catalogue.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.:
Merriam-Webster Inc.,1981.
Winter, Ruth. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients. New
York: Crown Publishing Group, 1994.
Winter, Ruth. A Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives. New York:
Crown Publishing Group, 1994.
